Alexandria Paris Arabs - beautiful throughout the ages

Alexandria

Inception

At the beginning of the fourth century BC, were not Alexandria only a small village called "Raktos" or "Racodh" surrounded by small villages, he says archaeologists it was probably considered a strategic location to expel the clans that had assaulted from time to time from the western side of the Nile valley

And along the main coast of the village there is an island called "Pharos" There is the port serves the island and coastal villages together.

At that time, Egypt was under occupation since the fall of the Persian Lafraanawalosrh Thirty year 343 BC., Egypt was not only under the occupation of the Persians, the country was an Achamoalarac under this occupation,

In exchange for the power of the Persians were the Greeks strength is increasing rapidly, and confrontation began in the spring of 334 BC., And battles between them continued until Alexander the Great entered the city of Tyre and then to Gaza until completed entering Egypt in 333 BC.

After Alexander the Great entered Egypt and expelled the Persians, Egyptians received favorably because of the cruelty with which they were treated under Persian occupation

To underline Alexander the Great that he came to Egypt a friend and ally, not an invader colonists, went to visit the Temple of Amun god Egypt greatest at the time, went to the temple in Siwa Oasis, and held him priests ritual adoptions to become Alexander the Great son of the god Amun, and the title later son Amon

On his way to the temple over the village of fishermen were called "Racodh", Vojb place and decided to build a city bearing his name to be the focal point between Egypt and Greece, a city of Alexandria

The era built to engineer "Dinoqratis", which built on the pattern of the Greek cities, and coordinated so that perpendicular streets vertical horizontal on the streets

After several months Alexander left Egypt heading towards the east to complete the rest of his conquests, opening Persia, but his ambitions did not stop at this point but marched his army until it reached to Hindwost Asia,

While Alexander was there surprised by the disease, which did not last long as imminent death after ten days is not to exceed thirty Monday-old

Characterized Alexandria in the opening lines of military sympathetically as a city of Jund Greeks, then turned days Ptolemaic Greeks to the royal city parks and white marble columns and widening streets,

And then turned to the capital of Egypt, and has become one of the capitals of arts and sciences after Shad Ptolemies a number of major attractions like its huge library, which is the first real research institute in history, lighthouse, which has become one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World

Undergone city nominally Roman year 80 BC. M., according to the desire of Ptolemy X, and it continues like this nearly a century before it fell, however, Julius Caesar year 47 BC., When exploited Rome conflict and civil war between Ptolemy XIII and his advisers and his sister Cleopatraseventh, and after several battles won Caesar was killed her brother, and thus was able to monopoly by virtue of Cleopatra of Egypt,

The city fell to the commander, "Octavius" who later became Emperor "August" in the August 1 year 30 BC., And that Egypt became Roman state.

Alexandria remained the largest city in the vast Roman Empire after Rome, DC

The oldest Romans work of many reforms where, and they renew and re-drilling old channel which linked the River Nile and the Red Sea to the service trade, and also gave the Romans to the Jews in Alexandria, and who they represent an essential part of the demographics of the city, freedoms are many and they were allowed to manage their own affairs

But all that did not stop the insurgency and tension due to a rebellion of the Jews in 116 m, and tension continued between Jews and Greece on old issues, as well as protest Alexandrians generally Roman rule, which resulted in 215 m and following a visit Roman Emperor to Alexandria to have been killed More than twenty thousand secondary because of a poem spoken in satire men.

Is that one of the main causes of the disorder is that the world has witnessed one of the most important events in history, a birth of Christianity, which coincided with the beginning of Roman rule in Egypt

, And as the new religion began to attract a lot of Egyptians and urging them to renounce idolatry and the worship of God, has started a new era of persecution where Rome wants to impose the worship of the emperor as well as Egyptian pagan worship

Christian gained great strength despite all the conflicts in the face of Egyptian religion rest of the pagans, especially in the reign of Emperor Theodosius the Great (378-395 AD), who issued a decree invalidating the pagan worship,

He held Patriarch of Alexandria Theophilus (385-412 AD) intention to implement the Decree Imperial accurately and packages has been assisted by his followers and troops of the emperor, was destroyed a number of pagan temples and convert others to churches such as the Temple Srlbayoum place of the god Serapis and in the year 391 AD, where constructed views churches

Alexandria underwent the Byzantine Empire after the division of the Roman Empire into two parts:

Western Roman

And eastern Byzantine turkey,

In the seventh century AD Byzantine Empire had reached the terrible state of weakness, he encouraged the Sasanian Persian Empire in the Middle attack on Mmalkha and occupation of the Levant and Egypt

Entered the Persians and looted the city of Alexandria and killed a lot of people, but Persian rule did not last but a few years

Emperor Heraclius was able recovery Mmalleke and returned Alexandria again of the Byzantine Empire. He wanted Hercules set Patriarch strong in Alexandria assigns his presidential political beside religious authority to be able to conquer the Copts and forcing them to follow the doctrine Monotheletah appointed patriarch of Romania called "Kerees" known when historians Arabs as "Cyrus", to this end, but it failed to do so .

During this era Islam had emerged in the Arabian Peninsula and has attracted large numbers of people, and the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him had been sent to the rulers of neighboring states messages inviting them to Islam, and Cyrus was among those rulers.

After the death of Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him out of the Muslim Arabs from the Arabian Peninsula to spread Islam throughout the known world

Hence, Amr ibn al-Aas from Jerusalem to Egypt, after consultation Caliph Omar ibn al-Khattab, [14] He took the route before Cambyses and Alexander the Great.

And collided Arab power Ballroom in city Farama, Egypt's eastern entrance, the city fell to Amr, followed Belbeis. The Cyrus, worker Roman Egypt, had barricaded fort at Roda Island on the Nile, and Amr link in Ain Shams

When she arrived supplies from the Caliph Omar, two teams battling in the middle of the road between

Camps Accepting فانهزم from and took refuge in the bunker, and what it tight Amr blockade forced to accept pay tribute

He Amr seizing Egyptian cities, leaving only Alexandria Reed Mufti of Egypt and second barriers Byzantine Empire. The Byzantine fleet protected from the sea, but the intensity of ground raids Arab, and the death of Hercules and raise his son Constantine II throne Empire was a modern age, made rum agree on the terms of peace, Fjelt their forces and their fleet for the city and its income Muslim conquerors, and fired religious freedom for Copts and Omnohm on their property and their lives

But after a short period of control of the city the Byzantines counterattack to retake the city from a new but Amr ibn al-Aas managed to defeat them and entered Alexandria again in the summer of 646

He welcomed the Copts in Alexandria led by Patriarch Benjamin I warmly Muslims and thus lost the Byzantine Empire's richest mandates forever

Alexandria lost its political position after due to take Amr ibn al-Aas of Fustat his capital instead, but continued to Egypt's main port and main commercial ports
. Active trade movement in Alexandria during the Islamic period, was also building a new wall of the city, and a delegation to a lot of scientists from the likes of Imam Shatby and Hafiz Salafi, Ibn Khaldun and others who influenced the scientific movement of the city. [21] Also left by the first phase of the open tomb and the Mosque of Abu Darda , one of the companions of the Prophet Muhammad, in the Downtown area and who participated in the conquest of Egypt.

City suffered several strong earthquakes in 956 and then 1303, then 1323, led to the crash of the famous lighthouse was left with only the foundation stone constructed Bey Citadel in the middle of the fifth century AD

As of Alexandria were attacked crusade, most recently in October 1365 suffered from indiscriminate killings between a Muslim and a Christian, looting and hit mosques
However, in 1480 the Mamluk Sultan Bey built a fortress of the city to protect it in the same location as the lighthouse and now known as the "castle Bey", where they enjoyed Alexandria in his very carefully

, Has created the Mamluk state and amenities for the establishment of European traders in the ports of Alexandria and Damietta were built hotels and placed at the disposal of traders even live according pattern Aatadoh in their country.

Alexandria has lost much of its importance after the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in 1498 and turned the trade route to the Atlantic Ocean instead of the Mediterranean, [25] as well as after drying branch of the Nile and the channel that had supplied the city with fresh water.

Underwent Alexandria with the rest of Egypt to the Ottoman rule after he triumphed Sultan Selim I the Mamluks in battle Ridanih and entered Egypt, opening in 1517
Alexandria witnessed important events during the eighteenth century was the French campaign on Egypt and the entry of French troops led by Napoleon Bonaparte first Alexandria in early July 1798 without little resistance

The Ottoman occupation considered Bonaparte to Egypt attack them, and stop the British and the Russians as well as the Ottomans and offered to help the Porte to get the French out of Egypt

Soon British troops docked with the French in Alexandria in 1801, in a battle led to the withdrawal of French troops from Egypt to enter Alexandria, Egypt in general a new phase full of renaissance in all fields

Condemns Alexandria to Muhammad Ali Pasha renaissance as it returned to the city life in several ways
In 1820 drilling was completed Mahmudiya channel to link Alexandria Nile which he was credited in revive the economy Alexandria, the port has been designed to be the western port official to Egypt was building a modern beacon at its entrance,

Also, the area Mansheya are primarily from design engineers, were also built Muhammad Ali at the head of the fig-based favorite and Alexandria became the headquarters consuls Western countries, making her personal European attracting many French and Greek, Jewish and Shawwam, because the bounce suffered by the city, has also set up housemaritime industry in the city and called "the yard", so as to meet the needs of the Egyptian fleet

Alexandria became since Muhammad Ali came to power and over one hundred and fifty years following the most important port in the Mediterranean and an important center for trade and foreign-based multi-ethnic population, languages and cultures,

And under the rule of the successors of Muhammad Ali continued Alexandria in economic growth, witnessed in the era of Khedive Ismail specifically interested resemble the attention given to planning the city of Cairo, he established the streets and neighborhoods of new and has lighting neighborhoods and streets gas lamps by a foreign company and was established by a private party to take care of the organization of its streets and to dispose of garbagethe health and maintenance where, and put a sewage network and storm water drainage, were paving a lot of city streets, and has one of Europe's Connect freshwater from Mahmudiya area to the city and distributed by "Wabour water" Alexandria was established in the city buildings huge and Residential Buildings luxury in a number of neighborhoodsas Raml Station area and Cornish sea

Alexandria suffered during these modern times to a lot of events, especially at the beginning of the British occupation of Egypt,
Where the British fleet bombarded the city for two days continuous until the city surrendered announcing the beginning of the British occupation of Egypt, which has lasted for seventy years,

And under British occupation, the number of foreigners, especially Greece who they accounted for a cultural center and financially important in the city, and turned Alexandria and the Suez Canal to the sites is an important strategy for British forces came under the city to massive damage in the Second World War, where she was bombarded warplanes to the Axis powers, especially the Italian and German causing in destruction and killed hundreds of people and considered Alexandria Egyptian cities most affected by the war

After the end of World War II canceled the property in Egypt were deported Farouk I, the last king of the family the upper into exile, and the Egyptian republic on the ruins of the kingdom led by Gamal Abdel Nasser, who announced from Alexandria, and specifically in the field of Mansheya nationalization of the Suez Canal

Having said the number of foreign communities in Alexandria after the policy followed by the nationalization Abdel Nasser, as well as because of the wars fought by Egypt with Israel, but that there was still a small Greek community in the city

Convert most Alaxanderanyen Islam we have to approach the Sunnis and the community, Islam has spread in the city is widespread after it opened Amr ibn al-Aas in the seventh century until overwhelmed Christianity that existed before this. Characterized Alexandria embracing many of the schools, religious facilities and hundreds of Islamic mosques large, and perhaps months that mosques are concentrated in the customs district, where the number of mosques where about 80 mosques.

One of the most important mosques in the city: Mursi Abul Abbas Mosque, mosque leader Ibrahim Mosque Imam Busayri, sapphire throne Mosque, Sidi Jaber Al-Ansari Mosque, Sidi Gaber mosque, Sheikh Hatem Mosque, Mosque Sidi Bishr, sympathy mosque, the Mosque of the Prophet Daniel, Attarine Mosque, mosque iron and steel (Ajami), Salam Mosque Homestead new Qabbary, and righteous Shader mosque wood Qabbary

Characterized Alexandria mild climate, is prevalent Mediterranean climate, which is characterized by hot and dry Besifa and wet winters and mild and rainy.

Extends winter in Alexandria months of December, January, and February and maximum temperature ranging where between 12 and 18 degrees Celsius, and exposed Alexandria during this chapter to several severe thunderstorms, hail and heavy rain
. The summer in Alexandria, is claimed, through the months of June, July, and August and Temperatures ranging between 25 and 30 degrees Celsius and features summer drought Alexandria and high humidity,

The spring and autumn Viatbran best time to visit the city, which does not increase the degree of
Maximum temperature 22 degrees Celsius.
The spring and autumn Viatbran best time to visit the city, which does not increase the degree of
Maximum temperature 22 degrees Celsius.

The population of Alexandria, according to the 2006 census, approximately 4123869 people, [1] whom 2106350 are male, and female 2017519 people
And is characterized by its population diversity between the workers and peasants and nomads, traders and fishermen, employees and others, and the city's economic activity varies between agricultural, industrial, commercial

Held in Alexandria, many cultural and tourist activities, sports and political especially after chosen as the capital of Islamic culture for the year 2008,
The city also organizes many festivals such as the Alexandria International Film Festival and World Cultural Festival Alexandria and the cultural and artistic festival for the Mediterranean countries, and the Arab Music Festival in Alexandria
The BA also organizes a number of conferences, events and festivals at various events such as the Annual Conference of the Library of Alexandria for Manuscripts exhibition of the history of printing in Egypt BA Festival of the Euro-Mediterranean music in addition to many other festivals.

Spread cultural centers, palaces and innovation centers and libraries in all districts of Alexandria and perhaps most notably the Culture Palace, Alexandria Center for Innovation, Palace culture Anfoushi, Sidi Gaber Cultural Palace, Palace of Culture Burj Al Arab, Abu Qir Culture Palace and many others
Of films that dealt with the city of Alexandria: Namira pier five, Hamidou, Miramar, girls and summer, three love, quail and autumn, Alexandria Leh, a date for dinner, Alexandria New York, Katz Sea, Rasayel sea

Alexandria has a lot of cinemas scattered in various neighborhoods such as Cinema Rialto, Rio, Prince, Metro, Renaissance, Ferial, radio, Strand, and Cinema San Stefano addition there are many theaters like Sayed Darwish Theatre or Opera House Alexandria, which is the scene of celebrations Parent official in the city, scene of peace, Lycee Theatre, Luna Park Theatre, and Tunisian Perm Theatre

And Alexandria has also many sports clubs and entertainment venues such as Club Olympic, Sporting Club, Smouha, club Ittihad, Fishing Club, Club tram, Club Lagoon, Club Acacia, in addition to many social clubs confined sectors and specific functional and that there are written below the CornicheAlexandria next to each such club doctors, engineers club, club teachers, the Judges' Club, club lawyers, and trade union club

In sports Ittihad Club is the most popular clubs in Alexandria,

In addition to the existence of some other football clubs based in Alexandria-based, such as the Olympic Club of Alexandria, chrome Club, Smouha Club, one of the largest sports and social clubs in the city along with Sporting Club and border guards,

, Alexandria, one of four Egyptian governorates that embraced the African Cup of Nations football in 2006 and won by Egypt.

Alexandria has four football stadiums are:

Alexandria Stadium.

Burj Al Arab Stadium.

Border Guard Stadium.

Chrome Stadium.

Alexandria has also several entertainment venues and commercial centers such as San Stefano Grand Plaza, Green Plaza, National Mall, Zahran Mall, Carrefour, City Center, and Depp Mall The city also nightclubs like Vatensaa Land, amusement Sinbad, Crazy Water, village Assad, DreamWorks Alex, and amusement Kramente

The city of Alexandria several parks such as Gardens Montazah property, a group gardens surround Palace Montazah a royal palaces previous an area 370 acres and contains trees as diverse as palm and others, and a group of flowerbeds also includes a museum and beaches for bathing and Khaljana natural and tourist hub integrated and includes hotels and restaurants and chalets and a children's park on the area of about 4.5 acres and no garden Montazah Palestine Hotel, and a center for marine sports, in addition to gardens Montazah There are also gardens, waterfalls, gardens and palace Antoniadis and containing trees and flowers and statues of marble-style Greek and the Palace Antoniadis, Garden Picnic, and international Park

Alexandria has a lot of tourist hotels such as:

San Stefano Grand Plaza

Sofitel Alexandria

Hilton Green Plaza Hotel

Hilton Hotel Burj Al Arab

Renaissance Marriott Hotel

Hotel Albrooevaj

Palestine Hotel

Hotel San Giovanni

Qasralslaof

Sheraton Hotel Montazah

Qasralslaof